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Transcranial alternating current stimulation
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a noninvasive means by which alternating currents applied through the skull over the occipital cortex of the brain entrains in a frequency-specific fashion the neural oscillations of the underlying brain.〔Kanai R, Chaieb L, Antal A, Walsh V, Paulus W. (2008). Frequency-dependent electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. ''Curr Biol''. 18(23):1839-43. PMID 19026538〕
==Method==
Two electrodes are used: a stimulating one over the target cortex, and a reference one elsewhere, such as on the top of the head or on the neck. The size of the stimulation electrode is around 3 x 4 cm and the reference electrode has three times the surface area so as to reduce current density and limit stimulating the skin. They are held in place by elastic bands, and the hair and skin are saturated with saline solution for about 5–10 minutes. There is an initial sensation on the scalp but, after the initial few minutes, this fades.〔Kanai R, Chaieb L, Antal A, Walsh V, Paulus W. (2008). (Frequency-dependent electrical stimulation of the visual cortex Supplemental Data. ) Curr Biol. 18〕
The alternating current applied is sinusoidal at a voltage of 5 to 15V. The current density under the stimulation electrode is about 83μA per square cm.〔〔
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